商标领域的平行进口问题
[摘 要]：随着经济全球化、区域经济一体化和世界贸易自由化步伐的加快、我国对外贸易的深入以及各国在国际贸易资源优势上存在的差异，这就催生了商标领域内的平行进口问题。通过对商标平行进口问题的研究发现：商标平行进口问题是一个与知识产权有关的贸易问题。它涉及知识产权权利人利益的保护问题；同时，它又与贸易自由化、消费者权益保护问题密切相关。商标平行进口问题一直存在较大的争议，商标权的权利用尽原则和地域性原则分别为支持和反对商标平行进口提供了理论基础。用价值分析的方法论证了商标权的国际用尽原则，并基于该原则支持平行进口，同时对商标领域内的平行进口的基本问题、国际条约、各国立法以及我国的应对措施进行阐述。根据我国的国情提出：对于平行进口问题，原则上禁止商标的平行进口的行为，但在一定条件下例外地允许平行进口。
[英文摘要]：With the development of economic globalization and regional economic integration and liberalization of world trade, in-depth of China's foreign trade, on the existing differences of States in international trade resources on the edge, which marks the birth in the field of parallel imports. Through investigation of the trademarks of parallel imports founds that: Trademarks of Parallel Imports are a trade issues problem related to intellectual property rights. It involves the interests of intellectual property rights protection issues. At the same time, it is closely related to the trade liberalization and the consumer protection issues. Trademarks of parallel imports have been a lot of controversial, the exhaustion of trademark rights principles and principles for regional supporting and opposing the parallel importation of trademark provide a theoretical basis. In value analysis method, this paper demonstrates principle of international exhaustion of trademark rights and supports parallel imports based on the principle of parallel imports, while the scrap elaborates the basal questions of parallel imports, international treaties, national legislation and measures to deal with China. According to China's national conditions: The issue of parallel imports, in principle, to prohibit the parallel importation of trademark, but under certain conditions, an exception to allow parallel importation.
[关 键 字]：商标 平行进口 权利用尽 地域性
[论文正文]：
[英文摘要]：With the development of economic globalization and regional economic integration and liberalization of world trade, in-depth of China's foreign trade, on the existing differences of States in international trade resources on the edge, which marks the birth in the field of parallel imports. Through investigation of the trademarks of parallel imports founds that: Trademarks of Parallel Imports are a trade issues problem related to intellectual property rights. It involves the interests of intellectual property rights protection issues. At the same time, it is closely related to the trade liberalization and the consumer protection issues. Trademarks of parallel imports have been a lot of controversial, the exhaustion of trademark rights principles and principles for regional supporting and opposing the parallel importation of trademark provide a theoretical basis. In value analysis method, this paper demonstrates principle of international exhaustion of trademark rights and supports parallel imports based on the principle of parallel imports, while the scrap elaborates the basal questions of parallel imports, international treaties, national legislation and measures to deal with China. According to China's national conditions: The issue of parallel imports, in principle, to prohibit the parallel importation of trademark, but under certain conditions, an exception to allow parallel importation.
[关 键 字]：商标 平行进口 权利用尽 地域性
[论文正文]：
我认为在今后的立法过程中，为防止商标权人独占权利的滥用可以作出如下规定：（1）不同国家的商标所有人或商标所有人与其外国代理商之间有从属关系（当外国商标所有人和国内商标所有人属于母子公司关系的）或者二者受同一所有权或支配权的控制，则第三者的平行进口不应被禁止。（2）得到商标所有人许可的平行进口不应该被禁止。因为平行进口是把双刃剑，在一定的情况下对商标权人还是有利的。我国法律应该本着尊重权利人的意识自治的原则，对商标权人许可的平行进口行为不加以禁止。（3）为个人的使用目的携带进口商标货物的行为应该被允许。我国民法保护的是私人的合法权益，知识产权同样保护的也是一种私权，为了个人目的而携带平行进口的商品，在不损害公共利益的前提下应当允许平行进口。（4）为了保护消费者利益，要求经销商必须把平行进口货物与授权进口货物在质量和服务上的差别以明示的方式通知消费者的。禁止平行进口有可能造成国内代理商的垄断,而不禁止平行进口又可能造成消费者的混淆,也容易造成进口商对他人信誉的不正当利用。解决这一问题的方法就是以显著的方式告知消费者商品的不同来源,让消费者自己做出选择。[23]（5）独家代理商并未创立出不同于商标所有人的独立信誉的。我认为在这种情况下,由于商标所具有的普遍性,尤其是驰名商标具有的普遍性,所享有的较高的声誉以及公众对驰名商标的认知程度等等都是无法取代的，例如：美国的“麦当劳”快餐，德国的“大众”汽车，因行销世界多国而名扬海外，其商标和商品的宣传程度和覆盖的地理范围是生产同类产品的其他企业无法比拟的。所以这种平行进口不会对国内的代理商构成不合理的损害。例外地允许平行进口的存在，一方面有利于我们在国际贸易的浪潮中跟上时代的步伐，保护我国与他国之间的正常的贸易。另一方面，在立法上，利于我国借鉴外国的法律对我国法律进行不断的完善，同时，我们还可以通过国际公约、各国同中国签订的协议、互惠条款等对商标权人的合法权益进行保护。对于违反法律规定者，可以按我国《商标法》、《反不正当竞争法》的相关规定依具体情节给予相应的处罚。
结 语
在经济全球化、世界贸易一体化的国际贸易环境下，商标领域中的平行进口问题日益显现出来。由于我国商标法对该问题未作明确规定，为了保护国内商标权人的利益，促进我国在国际贸易中所占的贸易份额的比重不断增加，所以我们应该了解大量的有关平行进口的外国法律，防止我国商标权人的合法权益受到不法侵害。本文的目的是要人们对平行进口有一个全面的认识，了解国际公约、以及世界各个国家对平行进口问题在立法上所持的态度，以便在以后的国际贸易中能利用法律武器更好的维护我们的合法权益。对“平行进口”的评价必须平衡制造商、经销商、进口商、消费者和公众利益等之间的相互关系。在理论和立法实践中，如何处理平行进口的问题不能笼统的概述为绝对禁止和绝对赞成。中国的知识产权法还存在很多不足，仍要不断的完善，在立法上应该对“权利用尽原则”给予确认，同时确立“平行进口”法律制度，达到保护知识产权人的合法权益、保证交易安全、促进商品流通和我国对外贸易的发展、维护消费者合法权益的终极目标。在竞争中求生存，在生存的基础上寻求进一步的发展。
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附 录
Exhaustion of Rights
Jon.Marks. Exhaustion of Rights: TRIPS and Development.2001.6. http://www.iprsonline.org/unctadictsd/docs/RB_Part1_Nov_1.ip4_update.
2008-06-18.
1. Introduction: terminology, definition and scope
Article 6 addresses the exhaustion of intellectual property rights. The concept of exhaustion plays an enormously important role in determining the way that intellectual property rules affect the movement of goods and services in international trade. An intellectual property right, such as patent, trademark or copyright, is typically defined in terms of rights granted to the holder to prevent others from making use of it. For example, a patent grants to an inventor the right to prevent others from making, using, selling, offering for sale, or importing the invention without his or her consent. The trademark grants to its holder the right to prevent others from using a protected sign on identical or similar goods where such use is likely to cause consumer confusion. The copyright grants to its holder the right to prevent others from reproducing or distributing the work. The doctrine of exhaustion addresses the point at which the IPR holder’s control over the good or service ceases.
This termination of control is critical to the functioning of any market economy because it permits the free transfer of goods and services. Without an exhaustion doctrine, the original IPR holder would perpetually exercise control over the sale, transfer or use of a good or service embodying an IPR, and would control economic life. An IPR is typically exhausted by the “first sale” (U.S. doctrine) or “placing on the market” of the good or service embodying it. The basic idea is that once the right holder has been able to obtain an economic return from the first sale or placing on the market, the purchaser or transferee of the good or service is entitled to use and dispose of it without further restriction. From the standpoint of the international trading system, the focus of the exhaustion question is whether it operates on a national, regional or internatio
